[Causes, consequences and overcoming ways of stigmatization of patients with substance abuse disorders]. / Prichiny, posledstviia i sposoby preodoleniia stigmatizatsii bol'nykh s narkologicheskimi rasstroistvami.

Stigmatization of people with drug and alcohol use disorders, its types and main causes of stigmatization have been analyzed. Main symptoms, types and consequences of stigmatization as for people with drug and alcohol abuse as well for society in whole have been described. Based on the complex of traits studied, the key causes and factors of stigma were analyzed and the variants of destigmatization of patients were suggested.

[Differential approaches to the treatment of acute psychosis due to the use of synthetic cannabinoids]. / Differentsirovannyi podkhod k terapii ostrogo psikhoza vsledstvie upotrebleniia sinteticheskikh kannabinoidov.

Based on the study of 43 patients with acute psychosis due to the use of synthetic cannabinoids, the authors showed that the inclusion of neuroleptic drugs in the complex therapy increases the efficacy of therapy. In choosing a neuroleptic it is important to take into account not only the psychopathological structure of psychosis, but also the severity of somatic and neurological disorders associated with psychosis.

[TO A QUESTION OF TREINING OF THE NEONATOLOGISTS IN RESIDENCY].

In recent years, the world and in Ukraine neonatology evolved into high-tech and quickly progressive section of the medicine, therefore preparation of experts is very important problem. Residency is the form of specialization of doctors on corresponding clinical chairs for reception of high qualifications of neonatology for possibility of competent rendering of competent and highly specialized medical care to newborns in hospitals of 3rd level. Term of training in residency is 2 years. Plan of the residency training offered by the department of neonatology Kharkiv medical academy of postgraduate education consists of sections on the basic speciality, adjacent clinical disciplines and additional programs. The great attention in training is given to innovative techniques: lectures and seminars with use of electronic presentations, seminars-trainings, seminars-discussions, seminars-conferences, and others. The majority of a practical training are spent in simulation center of the department neonatology with using of dummies, anatomic models for working off of practical skills. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Training of doctors in residency on neonatology can occupy a key position in a professional training for maintenance of high standards of the help with newborn and scientific researches in the field of medicine and occurrence Ukrainian neonatology in the European medical community. 2. At the basis of training of the resident on neonatology should be three components: the first - training in internship on pediatric (2-3 years), the second - presence of standard conditions of training on chair neonatology and the third - carrying out of practical preparation on clinical base which is equipped by the modern diagnostic equipment and medical technologies in conformity of the standard reports of rendering of medical aid in establishments of 3rd level.

[Fifth revolution in medicine: on the role of infections in pathogenesis of aging and chronic diseases].

The XXth century is marked by the substantial increase in human life expectancy. Historically, main reasons for that are four achievements of medicine: (1) improvements in common hygiene, such as waste disposal and water purification which led to the significant reduction of communicable diseases; (2) common recognition of Pasteur's Germ Theory followed by improvements in occupational and personal hygiene as well as introduction of antiseptic and aseptic measures; (3) decrease in childhood mortality due to the discovery and widespread application of vaccination; and (4) the discovery and clinical application of antibiotics. An epidemiological transition took place, i.e. the shift from communicable infectious diseases, as a main cause of morbidity and mortality, to chronic degenerative diseases, mainly considered non-infectious. Experimental evidence has been accumulated on a significant number of microorganisms, including viruses (such as a group of herpes viruses, hepatitis viruses, etc.), bacteria (Chlamydia, Helicobacter, periodontal pathogens, etc.), fungi and parasites, as an underlying reason for many of diseases, such as atherosclerosis, various cancers, type 1 and 2 diabetes, neurodegenerative and some psychiatric diseases, osteoporosis, autoimmune diseases and others. On the other hand, most of these diseases have been traditionally associated with age, together with other "age-related" disorders, such as immune system suppression, thymus involution, pathologic calcification, etc. Taken together, these facts suggest that aging, among others, has infectious origins, and that burden of infections may lead to enhanced senescence and premature death. In fact, infections may serve as a trigger of senescence, presumably via the mechanisms of chronic oxidative stress, low-grade inflammation, telomere shortening, and autoimmune processes due to the molecular mimicry. We believe that next step in human longevity increase can be possible by common appreciation of the role of infections as the main trigger of age-related diseases and disorders, and by efforts to cure and/or eradicate these infections.

[Age-related aspects of intestinal microflora and the intestinal immune system].

The importance of influence of microorganisms on human health has been recognized for years. Vast amount of data has been collected regarding interaction of intestinal microflora and elements of gut immune system. Novel technologies are offering new insights into bi-directional host-flora exchange along mucosal surfaces, one of the largest interfaces of human organism. Gut is constantly being colonized through our life, therefore, mucosal immune responses require capacity to resist pathogenic bacteria. Yet gut bacterial community has a collective metabolic activity equal to a virtual organ, and the interplay between food, host cells and microbes is indispensable for shaping both innate and adaptive immunity. Age-related changes of gut microflora are well recognized, however, little is known about the feedback effect. We hypothesize that altered intestinal microflora influences mucosal immunity what in turn promotes changes on organismic level leading to further compositional and functional shifts in the microbiota. The aim of this review is to analyze current literature on the impact of such feedback. Understanding this vicious circle will ultimately lead us to better managing of number of infectious, inflammatory and neoplastic disease processes.

[Viral cancerogenesis: current point of view].

More than one century passed since the viral cancerogenesis theory was declared. Enormous massive of new data on the role of viruses and viral constructions in cancer initiation and progression has been accumulated with the development of new diagnostic methods and biotechnology. The aim of this review was the analysis of current literature data on the impact of viruses in the development of malignancies.

[Forced medical care for convicts with drug addiction].

An analysis of the dynamics of unlawful activity of alcohol and drug addicts is carried out. All forms of treatment of drug addictions, either voluntary or forced, are considered as relevant to the prevention of repeated unlawful activity of convicts with drug addiction. Principles and basic criteria for the assignment of forced treatment of alcoholism and drug addiction to convicts are presented.

[Typology and systematization of residual mental disorders in alcohol dependence].

The study of 85 patients with alcohol dependence appointed to forensic psychiatric expertise in the Serbsky research center of social and forensic psychiatry revealed the manifestation of polymorphic psychiatric and behavioral disorders (ICD-10 diagnosis F10.7--residual and late-onset psychotic disorders) after stopping the intoxication, withdrawal and post-withdralwal disorders. Taking into account the multifactor etiology of psychiatric disorders which are observed after ending of the direct effect of alcohol, a possibility of including other ICD-10 items to extend their diagnostics and thus provide the more accurate clinical verification of these states, is discussed.

[Immune system status under effect of low levels of ionizing radiation:studies within the 10 kilometer zone of accident at Chernobyl nuclear plant]. / Sostoianie immunnoi sistemy pri vozdeistvii malykh urovnei ioniziruiushchei radiatsii: issledovaniia v 10-kilometrovoi zone avarii na ChAES.

A study was made of the influence of high radiation contamination within the ten-kilometer zone of Chernobyl disaster on the structure and function of the immune system of (DBA x C57B1)F1 and DBA mice. The cumulative radiation doses with respect to gamma-radiation, were 0.024, 0.168 and 0.336 Gy. T-lymphocyte proliferation was shown the be activated with all radiation doses mentioned above but with doses of 0.024 and 0.168 Gy, helper T lymphocytes, and with 0.336 Gy, suppressor N-lymphocytes were primarily activated. So, in the former case, some effector functions of the immunity were activated, and in the latter, inhibited. It is concluded that certain hyperstimulation of the lymphoid cell formation (including the increase in T-suppressors), that is induced by long-term exposure to low-level radiation, triggers the mechanisms of autonomous regulation of the system that suppress the radiation-induced lymphocyte proliferation and inhibit the effector functions of the immunity.

[Intraventricular brain pressure in newborn infants with asphyxia and the means for its correction]. / Vnutrizheludochhkovoe davlenie mozga u novorozhdennykh s asfiksiei i sposoby ego korrektsii.

The paper deals with the information noninvasive tool of echoencephalographic determination of cerebral intraventricular pressure in the newborns. With this mode, spinal fluid pressures were measured in 80 patients with prior degrees II and III asphyxia and in 25 healthy children in the early neonatal period. To enhance the efficiency of treating the fluid-hypertensive syndrome in the newborns with hypoxically afflicted central nervous system, an atraumatic method of reflex therapy, including superficial acupuncture, metallic plate acupuncture and application has been developed and proposed if chemotherapeutical loads are restricted. Recommendations to choose acupuncture points are given and the advantages of the method are analyzed.

[Indicators of prostaglandin synthase activity in thrombocytes of patients with schizophrenia with positive and negative disorders]. / Pokazateli aktivnosti prostaglandin-sintetazy trombotsitov u bol'nykh shizofreniei s pozitivnymi i negativnymi rasstroistvami.

A study was made of the activity of prostaglandin-synthetase in isolated platelets from the 2 groups of schizophrenic patients: with the predominance of positive (group I) and negative (group II) disorders. It has been demonstrated that the activity of prostaglandin-synthetase in isolated platelets from patients with hallucinatory delirium++ disorders is considerably higher (p less than 0.01) than the activity of prostaglandin-synthetase in isolated platelets from patients with the predominance of negative symptoms. The data obtained once more raise a question of the ++patho-chemical heterogeneity of schizophrenia, which also pertains to prostaglandins. The authors discuss a possibility of the relationship in schizophrenic patients between the regulatory system of prostaglandin synthesis and the central hypothalamohypophyseal mechanism by which homeostasis is regulated.

[Epidemiology of pneumoconiosis and dust bronchitis in machine-building industry workers]. / Epidemiologiia pnevokonioza i pylevogo bronkhita u mashinostroitelei.

The article provides a study of pneumoconiosis morbidity rate in machine-building industry workers in 1967-1986. The pneumoconiosis prevalence was ranging from 3.9 to 0.8 cases per 1000 medical examinations performed. The disease's initial forms were predominantly diagnosed through considerably frequent (30%) cases of anthraco-tuberculosis. More complicated forms of dust bronchitis were studied in 1971-1988 and registered at approximately 1 case per 1000 medical examinations. A vivid trend towards pneumoconiosis morbidity decrease and respective age and duration of work indices' growth was found in the latter decade, which was explained by more persistent measures taken towards working conditions improvement.

[Dynamics of the indices of lipid peroxidation in the blood and radiosensitive organs of rats exposed to total and local x-irradiation]. / Dinamika pokazatelei perekisnogo okisleniia lipidov v krovi i radiochuvstvitel'nykh organakh krys pri total'nom i lokal'nom rentgenovskom vozdeistvii.

There are variations in the radiation response of lipid peroxidation (LPO) indices. The initial rise of spontaneous chemiluminescence (SCL) immediately after whole-body irradiation (8 Gy) is followed by its rapid drop below the initial level. A considerable increase of the LPO level in the blood, spleen and thymus occurs 24 hr or 2 days after irradiation. The decrease on day 7 is followed by the increase on day 14. The periods of LPO inhibition (15 to 60 min and 7 days after irradiation) correspond to two waves of the hypersecretion of catecholamines and glucocorticoids that have antioxidant activity. With local irradiation of rat skin (a single exposure to 50 Gy) the SCL and malondialdehyde intensity peaks in blood serum are the same as those observed after whole-body irradiation, whereas in the spleen and thymus, these indices regularly decrease. There are peculiarities in the dynamics of triboluminescence in rat blood and organs that is attributed, in addition to LPO, to the effect of radiation on the electric parameters of tissues.

[Immunochemical study of the type-specific polysaccharides of pneumococcus]. / Immunokhimicheskoe izuchenie tipospetsificheskikh polisakharidov penvmokokka.

Polysaccharide-containing preparations obtained from pneumococci, serovars 3, 6B, 9N, V and 23F, were studied by the methods of immunodiffusion and rocket immunoelectrophoresis (RIE). The tests were carried out with the use of rabbit antisera to formol vaccines prepared from serovars 3, 6, 9, 10, 12, 14, 18, and 23. The highly purified preparations of each of these serovars were shown to possess strict serological specificity. The results of RIE and chemical analysis permitted the selection of the preparations which served as reference antigens for 5 above-mentioned pneumococcal serovars. The calibrating curves plotted with the use of the reference antigens helped calculate the relative quantitative content of specific polysaccharide in preparations of different batches. The antigenic preparations were shown to differ in the content of specific polysaccharide and the degree of their purification. The authors recommend that double immunodiffusion and RIE should be used in combination in the study of the serological specificity of pneumococcal polysaccharide-containing preparations. The latter may be used as a rapid method for the standardization of the above-mentioned pneumococcal preparations and their mixtures. To achieve greater objectivity in the analysis of the mixtures, the use of sectional RIE, a variant of RIE proposed by the authors, is probably expedient. The present work also shows the possibility of using RIE for evaluating the level of the accumulation of specific polysaccharide during the cultivation of pneumococci in a liquid culture medium.

[Biochemical characteristics of pneumococcal reference strains]. / Biokhimicheskaia kharakteristika étalonnykh shtammov pnevmokokka.

The results of the study of the enzymatic properties of pneumococcal collection strains belonging to 83 K-types, their sensitivity to optochine and their facility of lysis under the action of bile indicate that the strains in the collection belong to the species Str. pneumoniae, which makes this collection suitable for obtaining diagnostic preparations, as well as for other microbiological, immunological and genetic studies.